Please note: this documentation is outdated. A lot of features have been added in the last ten years. I am working on updating the HTML version of the documentation as quickly as possible. Matthias, May 10th, 2018
Einstein Platform is a way to transform a computer in a next-generation Newton N2 (MP2x00, eMate 300). Einstein is a project to unchain NewtonOS from existing hardware. More information can be found on the Einstein Project home page: http://kallisys.com/newton/einstein/ and on the OpenEinstein page on Google Code: http://code.google.com/p/einstein/
The platform will be configured to use the newly dumped ROM.
Alternatively, you can use nc(1) command line tool.
Just copy the GUI application to your hard drive and double click it. The first time, it will ask you to tell it where the ROM image is.
You can run Einstein Platform full screen. To exit Einstein, go to the Extras Drawer, tap the [i] button and then choose Quit Einstein.
On MacOS X, Einstein application is scriptable. You can install packages or evaluate NewtonScript code within Einstein Platform using AppleScript.
On desktop computers, the CLI flavor should mainly be used to access the log and/or the monitor mode. It is therefore intended for developers.
where XXXX should be either: 717006 (for a MP2x00 US) 737041 (for a MP2100 D) 747129 (for an eMate 300)
./einstein --help will print some help about the options. The options are summarized below:
--audio or -a
Select the audio driver (null, portaudio or coreaudio). --audio=null will disable sound. --audio=portaudio will choose portaudio sound driver. Default is coreaudio.
--width
Set the width of the screen (in portrait mode). Default is 320.
--height
Set the height of the screen (in portrait mode). Default is 480.
--log or -l
Set the log file. Default is to not log. This option is incompatible with --monitor.
--machine or -m
Set the machine. Choose 717006 for a MP2x00 US, 737041 for a MP2100D or 747129 for an eMate 300. --machine option can be omitted with a 717006 ROM file.
--monitor
Run in monitor mode.
--ram
Set the RAM size in 64 KB increment. 1 will mean 64 KB of RAM. 64 is the default setting (4 MB). The maximum is 255 (nearly 16 MB).
I used a Zaurus SL-5500 (thanks Sylvain) with OpenZaurus (http://www.openzaurus.org/) 3.5.4-rc ROM and the following packages:
Any more recent version of OpenZaurus and these packages should do it.
I first installed the Bootstrap Image with the zImage-64-0 to have enough RAM for Einstein Platform. Then, I copied all these packages to a CF card and I installed them all at once with the ipkg command line tool on the Zaurus (with something like ipkg install /mnt/cf/*.ipk).
Then, I copied the three elements from the release archive as well as the 710006 ROM image to the root of the CF card. And I launched the script with: /mnt/cf/start-einstein.sh.
Please note that Einstein Platform requires quite a large amount of RAM. Most old PDAs do not provide enough RAM for third party application unless you enter some developer mode or install a bootstrap image.
where XXXX should be either: 717006 (for a MP2x00 US) 737041 (for a MP2100 D) 747129 (for an eMate 300) and YYYY and ZZZZ should be set properly.
./einstein --helpwill print some help about the options. The options are summarized below:
--width
Set the width of the screen (in portrait mode). Default is 320.
--height
Set the height of the screen (in portrait mode). Default is 480.
--log or -l
Set the log file. Default is to not log. This option is incompatible with --monitor.
--machine or -m
Set the machine. Choose 717006 for a MP2x00 US, 737041 for a MP2100D or 747129 for an eMate 300. --machine option can be omitted with a 717006 ROM file.
--monitor
Run in monitor mode.
--ram
Set the RAM size in 64 KB increment. 1 will mean 64 KB of RAM. 64 is the default setting (4 MB). The maximum is 255 (nearly 16 MB).
The documentation for obtaining the source code of Einstein, compiling it and porting it is available on Google Code web page: http://code.google.com/p/einstein/
The command line interface is intended for developers and hackers. Using the cli flavor, you will be provided with a prompt. Typing help will provide a small help about the available commands.
The monitor mode uses a disassembler from the NetBSD project (the kernel disassembler for the arm32 port). You start in monitor mode by specifying the --monitor option to the command line program.
The monitor mode can be considered as an enhanced low-level debugger. The help command displays a short help for the available commands.
One of the main advantage of the monitor is that you can set breakpoints. You can also halt the emulator by calling the Einstein:BreakInMonitor global function (it doesn't take any parameter).
The following breakpoints are enabled by default:
You cannot use --log option with --monitor because in monitor mode, the log is always enabled. You can save the log to a file (it scrolls on the monitor screen). The monitor mode uses a file with symbols. This file should be named after the ROM file, e.g. 717006.symbols. The syntax is:
address <tab> symbol <tab> comment
Addresses should be sorted.
This file is very easy to generate from the debugger images that are used with Hammer and Newtsbug. Use Newton C++ Tools DumpAIF program with the -s option to dump the list of symbols. Then you can process all the lines with search and replace or sed or awk at your convenience. The symbols can be unmangled with Unmangle tool coming with MPW.
Quite a large amount of log lines are generated by Einstein. These are used during the development of Einstein emulator. It also helps to understand whatÕs going on. Starting with UP2 release, you can generate log lines from NewtonScript calling the |Einstein:Log| global function.
E.g.:
|Einstein:Log|("Hello World")
will display Hello World in the log. If log is disabled, the string will be output on stdout. Please note that your string is converted to ISO-8859-1 before being printed, so non latin characters will not be printed properly in the log.
Relativity is a new technology embedded into Einstein to allow packages for Einstein to take advantage of host APIs. Relativity can only be used through NewtonScript for the moment. To use relativity, you need to call OpenNativeLibrary NewtonScript function to open a library from the host system.
OpenNativeLibrary(libraryName)
libraryName is a string representing the name of the library to open. Valid names include "libc" or "libGL".
This function returns a library object and throws an exception if an error occurs (for example if the library cannot be found).
libraryObject:GetFunction(functionSpecs)
is a frame describing the function to import. This frame has three required slots:
This function returns a NewtonScript function you can call. The types can be the following:
Some types are illegal for return or argument types (for example, you cannot use iostring for the return type, use string instead). Then, you can call the function naturally by providing Newton data. The result is returned in the form of Newton data.
Once you are done, you can close the library with the :Close() method.
libraryObject:Close()
Close the library. The library object can no longer be used afterwards.
In this section, we will describe how to call a simple function, gethostname, that returns the (network) name of the host. The manual page of gethostname provides the necessary information to call the routine.
GETHOSTNAME(3) BSD Library Functions Manual GETHOSTNAME(3)
NAME
gethostname, sethostname -- get/set name of current host
LIBRARY
Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include
int
gethostname(char *name, size_t namelen);
This page shows that gethostname is in the libc library. It also provides the type of the arguments and of the result. The following code calls the function and returns the result.
begin
// Open the native library.
local libc := OpenNativeLibrary("libc");
// Define the function.
local gethostnameFn := libc:GetFunction({
name: "gethostname",
args: ['iostring, 'sint32],
result: 'sint32});
// Allocate a buffer to store the hostname.
// This buffer is a string of 127 unicode characters (+ null).
local theBuffer := MakeBinary('string, 256);
// Call the function.
local theResult := call gethostnameFn with (theBuffer, 127);
// Close the library.
libc:Close();
// Determine the outcome of the call.
if (theResult = 0) then
// Success.
return theBuffer;
else
// Failure
return "gethostname failed";
end;
Please report any problem you experienced that is not on this list on the Google Code page http://code.google.com/p/einstein).
Einstein was ported to the following platforms
3/21/20 Einstein Platform 2020.3
5/12/18 Einstein Platform 2018.5
1/15/2017 Einstein Platform 2017.1
9/07/07 Einstein Platform 2007.7
5/31/06 Einstein Platform 2006.6
Einstein Platform is copyright 2003-2018 by Paul Guyot. It is available under the GNU General Public License v2.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
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Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
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either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
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running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the
Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
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when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
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License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
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customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
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an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
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compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
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parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
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license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
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the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
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any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
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to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
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NO WARRANTY
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line of programmer's name and a brief ideaof what it does>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.
Einstein Platform includes portaudio v19 (from CVS).
/* * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library * Latest Version at: http://www.portaudio.com/ * * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Phil Burk and Ross Bencina * * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining * a copy of this software and associated documentation files * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, * subject to the following conditions: * * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. * * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that * they can be incorporated into the canonical version. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. * */
Einstein Platform also includes NetBSD arm disassembler.
// $NetBSD: disassem.c,v 1.14 2003/03/27 16:58:36 mycroft Exp $ // // Copyright (c) 1996 Mark Brinicombe. // Copyright (c) 1996 Brini. // // All rights reserved. // // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions // are met: // 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. // 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the // documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. // 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software // must display the following acknowledgement: // This product includes software developed by Brini. // 4. The name of the company nor the name of the author may be used to // endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific // prior written permission. // // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY BRINI ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED // WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF // MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. // IN NO EVENT SHALL BRINI OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, // INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES // (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR // SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) // HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, // STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN // ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE // POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.